What Is Biological Makeup Of Peanuts

Nutrient and Nutrition Sciences
Vol.3 No.12(2012), Article ID:25267,seven pages DOI:x.4236/fns.2012.312215

Peanuts and Their Nutritional Aspects—A Review

^aneNew United mexican states State University, Las Cruces, USA; ²Section of Biotechnology, K. 50. University, Guntur, India; ³National Peanut Research Laboratory, United States Section of Agronomics, Agricultural Research Service, Dawson, United states of america; ⁴Usa Section of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Usa.

Email: chari.kandala@ars.usda.gov

Received September one^st, 2012; revised November xvi^th, 2012; accustomed Nov 23^rd, 2012

Keywords: Peanuts; Nutrition; Biomolecules; Vitamins; Minerals; Plant Protein

ABSTRACT

Peanut is a legume crop that belongs to the family of Fabaceae, genus Arachis, and botanically named every bit Arachis hypogaea. Peanuts are consumed in many forms such equally boiled peanuts, peanut oil, peanut butter, roasted peanuts, and added peanut repast in snack food, energy bars and candies. Peanuts are considered as a vital source of nutrients. Nutrition plays an of import function in growth and free energy gain of living organisms. Peanuts are rich in calories and comprise many nutrients, minerals, antioxidants, and vitamins that are essential for optimum health. All these biomolecules are essential for pumping vital nutrients into the human body for sustaining normal health. This paper presents an overview of the peanut limerick in terms of the constituent biomolecules, and their biological functions. This paper also discusses well-nigh the human relationship betwixt consumption of peanuts and their effect on human metabolism and physiology. Information technology highlights the usefulness of considering peanuts as an essential component in human being diet considering its nutritional values.

1. Introduction

Peanuts are believed to have originated in Primal American region from where they spread to other parts of the world. They are widely cultivated in Bharat, Africa, S America, United States [1], Red china [2] and a few other countries. Peanuts often are enriched with health benefiting nutrients that are beneficial to human wellness. They are actually legumes but are the most oftentimes eaten "nut" in the United states of america. Studies prove that peanuts, peanut butter, and peanut oil significantly reduce the take chances of heart disease when consumed daily, similar to other nuts. More than 300 dissimilar varieties of peanuts are grown worldwide, which include Virginia, Valencia, Georgia runner, Tennessee red, Tennessee white and many others. They are usually consumed after roasting or humid, and likewise candy into dissimilar forms such as peanut butter, processed, chocolates, cakes, and others. Peanut butter and jelly sandwiches are popular in the American culture [3], with raw, roasted, shelled or unshelled forms of peanuts being available in United States throughout the year. Peanuts vary in color from cherry-red to brown and are usually coarse in their appearance. Raw peanuts and peanuts prepared without salt are naturally low in sodium, having 18 mg of sodium per 100 m. This equates to only 5.4 mg of common salt in a 30 thou serving. The nutritional importance of peanuts is due to the energy and growth supplementing constituents present in them. These include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, some organic acids and purines. Information technology is estimated that as much as 30% of the population from many countries in the world are suffering from malnutrition [four]. Peanuts, which are a rich source of protein and essential amino acids, can help in preventing malnutrition [5]. Moreover, peanuts contain lipids and carbohydrates which are energy rich compounds, capable of complementing the basic energy demands of the human trunk. In this article the chemic composition of peanuts, all types, dry-roasted, without salt is reviewed, and their importance as a useful source of nutrition is discussed.

2. Broad Limerick of Dry-Roasted Peanuts, without Common salt

The bones composition of peanuts per 100 one thousand of nuts [6] is as below:

• Water 1.55 k

• Carbohydrates 21.51 g

• Cobweb eight.0 g

• Lipids (Fats) 49.66 thou

• Proteins 23.68 1000 Free energy (Total Calories) 2448 kJ (585 kcal)

Tabular array ane given below describes the sub composition of the to a higher place categories under every major molecule such every bit

Table one. Composition by weight^* of biomolecules in peanuts [vi].

different minerals, vitamins [half dozen], amino acids present in proteins, lipids comprising of diverse saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, carbohydrates comprising of polysaccharides in the form of starch, organic acids, and purines, present in peanuts.

three. Peanut Nutritional Contribution in Comparing to Other Nuts

Figures 1(a) and (b) shown below, explicate the nutritional contribution of peanuts in comparison to other basics and are found to add together significantly more nutrients to the diet each day when compared with other nuts. This data, on the average intake of vitamins and minerals for all nut users calculated from 2001-2004 and compiled by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was presented at the 2007 Nuts & Health Symposium at the USDA Western Human Nutrition Research Center at the Academy of California, Davis. Based on a 2000 calorie intake the food contribution of each nut is shown in the figures for men and women above the age of nineteen years. (Courtesy: WWEIA, NHA-NES 2001-2004).

iv. Proteins in Peanuts

It is common knowledge that all meat, craven, turkey, fish and dairy foods are rich in proteins. Foods from animal sources provide all the protein needed by human body, which ways they contain all the essential amino acids. Autonomously from meat, legumes such as beans, peas, and peanuts comprise notable quantities of poly peptide, more than any other nut. All amino acids [seven] must be nowadays evenly in the body to supplement normal and active growth. Among the 20 amino acids xi are not essential, and are continuously synthesized in the body through various reactions interlinking carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The other 9 amino acids happen to exist essential ones which, ironically, cannot be synthesized past the body past itself, and hence are needed to be supplied through diet. So far information technology is known that, those proteins that incorporate all the essential amino acids in the required proportions are the complete proteins, such equally casein (milk protein) and al-

(a)(b)

Figure 1. Peanut, peanut butter and nut food contribution to recommended dietary allowances (RDA) in men (a) and in women (b) per 2000 Calories. Source and courtesy: WWEIA, NHANES 2001-2004, i day, 19+ years.

bumin (egg white protein). In addition to milk and eggs some other vital source of protein is peanuts. Peanuts contain all the essential amino acids necessary for normal trunk growth and metabolism [viii]. For example, lack of tryptophan in the diet may lead to pellagra, which is a very severe skin disorder, sometimes fatal [ix]. Similarly, phenylalanine another essential amino acid is associated with formation of epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are also called flight or fight hormones produced by the adrenal medulla and the encephalon [10]. Methionine is some other essential amino acrid for the synthesis of protein, and it acts as an initiating amino acrid during translation of proteins. Tyrosine, another amino acid is associated with formation of melanin and thyroid hormones. All these amino acids are essential to prevent protein calorie malnutrition disorders such as Kwashiorkor [xi] and Marasmus [12]. Peanuts contain the to a higher place mentioned essential amino acids that are necessary for synthesis of proteins, and thus could be an indispensable component of human diet [13].

In many African countries ofttimes deaths are reported equally due to malnutrition, and they could peradventure be prevented by providing a protein rich diet [fourteen]. Peanut and peanut added foods could provide such a nutritious diet. The world wellness organization recommends [15] an "average requirement" of 0.66 one thousand of protein per kg of ideal body weight, and a "safe level" of 0.86 g/kg of body weight. According to a report peanuts contain more establish poly peptide than whatsoever other legumes or nuts [16]. Peanut are sometimes called a poor man'due south protein as they are available at an affordable price.

5. Carbohydrates in Peanuts

Roasted peanuts contain 21.51 m of carbohydrates per 100 g [half-dozen]. The major carbohydrate present in peanuts is starch which is a homopolysaccharide made up of α-D glucose residues joined together by glycosidic bonds. When starch undergoes enzymatic degradation in the body by the action of amylase (nowadays in human saliva), information technology is initially broken down to maltose and isomaltose [17]. These two disaccharides, when subjected to respective digestive enzymes, are converted to glucose and liberate energy. In countries such as India, the staple foods are more often than not starch containing foods such equally rice and potatoes. Consuming large quantities of these foods could mitigate hunger but may not provide the vital nutrients required for proper sustenance. Addition of a small quantity of peanuts to the regular diet tin enhance nutrition value of a meal. The importance of the sugar-amino acid interaction in the development of roasted peanut flavor and colour is well documented. Carbohydrates are biomolecules, which are differentiated based on their properties equally sugars and non-sugars, and the sugars are poly hydroxyl aldehyde/ketones, soluble in water, crystalline in appearance, and can be easily digested. The about arable carbohydrate present in the human body is glucose. All the reactions associated with the metabolism of carbohydrates either begins with glucose or ends up in glucose. Glucose in the form of glycogen is stored in the liver and muscle. In the muscle, carbohydrates are utilized for doing piece of work and in the liver they are stored every bit glycogen and released as and when necessary, when the body demands additional glucose, to regulate vital metabolic processes. Peanuts have acceptable amounts of carbohydrates amounting to 15% of the RDA value. Carbohydrates play a critical role in supplementing valuable nutrition to the human body.

vi. Lipids in Peanuts

Fatty acids that are present in peanuts belong to the category of lipids. In addition to carbohydrates, they also are considered as energy producing biomolecules. However, owing to their insoluble nature in water, they are not straight source of free energy to the torso, but human action as an alternating fuel to the trunk. But like carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids, lipids must exist supplemented in the diet for vital biological functions. Saturated fatty acid is necessary for storage of fat soluble vitamins like vitamin A [18]. When 1 thou of palmitic acrid undergoes complete degradation past beta oxidation pathway, it can produce 9 kilo calories of energy. Fatty acids are long chain or short concatenation organic acids with a terminal carboxylic acrid group. Sure fatty acids like palmitic and oleic can be synthesized in the body, while fatty acids like the poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) demand to exist given through the diet. The human body does not have any mechanism for synthesizing poly unsaturated fatty acids [19,20], the essential fatty acids that include, linoleic acrid (xviii Carbon atoms with 2 double bonds, C₁₇H₃₁COOH), and linolenic acrid (eighteen Carbon atoms with iii double bonds, C₁₇H₂₉COOH). These fatty acids must therefore have to exist supplied from external sources through the nutrition. In terms of fatty acids nowadays, edible part of roasted peanuts have 6.893 one thousand saturated fatty acids, 24.64 one thousand monounsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid) and 15.694 grand polyunsaturated fatty acids. The presence of high mono and poly unsaturated fatty acids reduces the risk of coronary center diseases. Hence peanuts and peanut oil can serve as a healthy source of nutrition [21].

seven. Vitamins in Peanuts

Vitamins are a grouping of organic compounds that are not synthesized in the trunk, merely take to be supplied to the body to maintain normal health and metabolism. They are classified as fat soluble and water soluble vitamins. Fat soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K, and h2o soluble vitamins are B-Complex and vitamin C. Fatty soluble vitamins play an important role in maintaining certain essential physiological functions. For example, vitamin A is associated with normal vision and epithelial functions, vitamin D is associated with calcium metabolism, and vitamin Chiliad for coagulation of claret. Water soluble vitamins are associated with sure biochemical reactions past forming coenzymes that help the enzyme in converting a substrate into a product. For instance Riboflavin (vitamin B₂) in the form of Flavin mono nucleotide (FMN) and Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), participate in electron transfer and hydrogen transfer reactions in the homo body. All anabolic (reactions involving synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins), and catabolic (reactions involving breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins) reactions in the human torso require coenzyme derivatives of B circuitous vitamins which are water soluble. Peanuts are a vital source for introducing almost of the h2o soluble vitamins into the human body along with vitamin E which is fatty soluble (Table 1).

An of import fatty soluble vitamin in peanuts is vitamin E [22] amounting to about 6.93 mg^* (Table i). Vitamin Eastward is known as alpha-tocopherol, and is an anti-oxidative vitamin [23]. It is associated with obstructing the formation of complimentary radicals by preventing the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids nowadays in consumed foods, respiratory membranes, and mitochondrial matrix in the homo body. Vitamin Eastward is associated with oxidative phosphorylation reactions in the mitochondria leading to formation of adenosine tri phosphate, known as ATP (energy currency of the cell associated with driving the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids). It also aids in preventing the oxidation of hemoglobin and blood-red blood corpuscles that help intracellular respiration and adequate commutation of gases. Peanuts, in general, and peanut oil in particular, are efficient sources for supplementing vitamin Eastward to the body.

Peanuts are a good source of Thiamine (B_i), a water soluble vitamin [24], having thiamine pyrophosphate as the coenzyme, and playing a very important role in oxidative decarboxylation and co-carboxylation reactions associated with carbohydrate and amino acrid metabolism. It is known that deficiency of thiamine leads to beri-beri, a disease that can cause issues in the cardiovascular and central nervous system (CNS). Peanuts contain 0.438 mg^* of thiamine (Table 1).

Peanuts are also an efficient source of Vitamin B₂. Sometimes referred to equally Warburg's xanthous enzyme, it has two derivatives namely FMN and FAD [25] that act as coenzymes playing an important role in electron transfer reactions, and equally carriers of electrons in the electron transport chain (concatenation of reactions converting oxygen to water through a series of electron transfer agents). They also act as coenzymes for enzymes chosen oxidases, and thus participate in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. It is at present known that a deficiency of vitamin B_two leads to Cheliosis (fissures at angles of the mouth), athwart stomatosis (throat infection) and mouth ulcers [26,27]. These could be prevented by taking a diet [28] rich in vitamin B₂, and peanuts are a potential source of vitamin B_two, containing 0.098 mg^* of riboflavin.

Another important vitamin which is supplemented in the torso by the intake of peanuts is vitamin B₃ [29] (known equally Niacin or its corresponding amines, Niacinamide or Nicotinamide), to an extent of 13.525 mg^*. This vitamin plays an important function in the normal functioning of the respiratory concatenation and participates in hydrogen transfer, and electron transfer reactions through its coenzymes, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). Deficiency of niacin leads to Pellagra, a illness characterized past diarrhea, dementia and dermatitis [30]. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid associated with the formation of niacin and has to exist supplied from dietary sources, and incidentally peanuts are a good source of tryptophan (0.230 g^*).

Vitamin B_v, plant in many food sources, needs a strong presence in human diet attributable to its widespread applications in numerous biochemical reactions inside the man body. B₅ is found in good amounts in peanuts. Peanuts, mushrooms, soybeans, split peas, pecans, oatmeal, buckwheat, sunflower seeds, lentils, rye flour, cashews, and other whole grains and basics are good sources of pantothenic acid. Chemically Vitamin B₅ is a dipeptide consisting of pantoic acid and beta alanine, and every bit a whole known as pantothenic acrid (pantothenate in Greek means from everywhere), which is an of import constituent of peanuts, present to the extent of 1.395 mg^* (Table 1). Pantothenic acrid in humans is responsible for the formation of Coenzyme A, which is responsible for many vital reactions in the trunk such as the kreb's cycle, synthesis of cholesterol [31], and synthesis of heme.

Some other important water soluble vitamin, a notable elective of Peanuts, is Vitamin B₆, Pyridoxine. Vitamin B_{half dozen} occurs in three naturally occurring forms namely pyridoxine, pyridoxalamine, and pyridoxal. It has ii coenzyme forms, pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxal amine phosphate, and these two forms carry out many meaning biochemical reactions in the body especially those associated with amino acrid metabolism. It is highly essential to supplement this vitamin through the nutrition into the homo torso, and roasted peanuts will provide B_six to the man body to the extent of 0.256 mg^*.

Vitamin B9, more normally known as folate or folic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that is part of the B vitamin family. Folate occurs naturally in foods, while folic acid is the synthetic form of folate. Vitamin B9 is useful for human growth and helps the mechanism of normal nervus and brain functioning [32]. B9 is also credited with decision-making blood-levels of the amino acid homocysteine, thus reducing the run a risk of center affliction and stroke. Folate nowadays in peanuts to an extent of 145 µg^* may besides help protect against cancers of the lung, colon, and cervix.

8. Minerals in Peanuts

Magnesium is an essential mineral for the man body for several useful functions [33]. Magnesium is needed to maintain normal muscle and nervus functions and a salubrious immune organisation. Magnesium promotes normal blood pressure, keeps bones potent, and helps to regulate blood sugar levels. People who swallow peanuts accept shown higher levels of magnesium. Peanuts are a good source of magnesium containing 176 mg^* (Table i).

A mineral that is primarily associated with strengthening of bones, gums and teeth is calcium. Calcium plays an of import role in the normal operation of the visual cycle, and in the mechanism of blood coagulation. It is likewise associated with normal muscle physiology, helping in contraction and relaxation of muscles. Though, mainly present in milk, it is likewise present to a notable extent in peanuts containing 54 mg^* (Table 1).

A mineral that aids primarily in the germination of bones and teeth along with calcium is phosphorous. Phosphorous helps to synthesize protein for the growth, maintenance and repair of cells, and tissues. With 358 mg^* (Table one) of phosphorous, peanuts are a adept source of phosphorous providing almost fifty% of our daily needs.

One has to eat the right amount of foods that contain potassium to keep the claret levels in a good for you range. Maintaining fluid and electrolyte residuum is a disquisitional role in the human torso and this function is taken care of by potassium. In association with sodium ions, potassium plays an important office in the encephalon and nerve functions, and for musculus development. Peanuts containing 658 mg^* of potassium are a good source of this vital mineral (Tabular array i).

Zinc is a cofactor for near of the dehydrogenases that require the coenzymes NAD and NADP. This mineral as well supports our immune systems, helps in wound healing, and is involved in edifice proteins. Zinc is an essential mineral for normal growth and development during pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence. Zinc too helps the cells in man trunk communicate by functioning as a neurotransmitter. Deficiency of zinc tin lead to stunted growth, diarrhea, impotence, hair loss, heart and skin lesions, impaired appetite, and depressed immunity. Peanuts are a neat source of zinc. One hundred grams of roasted peanuts will provide 3.31 mg^* of zinc (Table ane).

Peanuts incorporate 2.26 mg^* of atomic number 26 (Table one). Iron is an essential metal ion that acts as the chelating agent, and chelates with heme to course hemoglobin. It is an integral office of many enzymes that participate in biochemical reactions such as peroxidase, catalase and ferro chelatase. It is involved in oxygen send and helps regulate cell growth and differentiation. Information technology is known that the deficiency of iron leads to anemia which is prevalent in many parts of the globe [34].

Copper plays a role in the production of primal proteins in our body such as collagen and hemoglobin, which ship oxygen. A serving of one hundred grams of roasted peanuts provide 0.671 mg^* (Table 1), and thus peanuts are an excellent source of copper providing over 70% of our daily needs [35].

Selenium is an essential mineral but needed in pocket-size amounts for the human being trunk. Selenium is naturally found in plants, seafood, meat and meat products. Selenium is a micronutrient and antioxidant, and a component of several essential enzymes. Selenium is believed to delay or prevent the onset of cancer and besides has anti-aging effects [36]. Selenium is found in peanuts to the extent of vii.five µg^* (Table 1) giving nearly 14% of our daily needs.

9. Raw and Roasted Peanuts

Though unroasted peanuts are fit for consumption, they do not have the same flavor equally the roasted ones. Withal, a significant hazard in eating raw peanuts is the possible presence of aflatoxin [37], a poisonous substance produced past a fungus, though it may occur rarely. Roasting peanuts ordinarily removes this fungus. Eating contaminated peanuts can cause liver diseases.

Information technology was found in 0.4% to 0.six% of persons, peculiarly in children, consumption of peanuts in any course lead to allergic reactions, some severe. These may develop in the childhood or could be due to a family unit history of peanut allergy [38]. The symptoms associated with peanut allergy may range from oozing and skin rashes, to shortness of jiff or wheezing.

Consumption of nuts has a positive event on coronary center diseases. Information technology has been observed that the risk of coronary heart diseases and related cardiovascular diseases [39] is 37% lower for those consuming nuts more than than 4 times per calendar week, than in those people who don't consume nuts at all.

Peanuts play a crucial office in weight direction [40]. Epidemiological studies accept provided useful information on benign effects of basics which besides includes peanuts. Fifty-fifty though peanuts are rich in fats, they tin all the same be included in diet for weight loss.

10. Decision

Peanuts are an fantabulous and affordable source of nutriation, supplementing vital nutrients to the human torso such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals and fiber. Peanuts are oftentimes referred as poor man's protein just, when taken in acceptable amounts in any form, will supplement rich nutrients to the body that can provide growth and energy, and play a vital role in the prevention of diseases. Metal ions which are cofactors for many enzymes, vitamins that are not synthesized in the body, poly unsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, whose consumption can increase the levels of HDL cholesterol which is skilful for the heart, are present in peanuts. Essential amino acids that are non synthesized in the body, only are essential as building blocks of proteins and carbohydrates, which are the principle source of energy in the body, tin be provided by peanuts. A diet including peanuts could provide all these vital nutrients, and play a critical office in preventing illness and promoting good wellness.

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